Evaluation of Growth, Flowering, and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Responses of Viola cornuta cv. Penny Red Wing according to Spectral Power Distributions

Background and objective: The genus <i>Viola</i>, a member of the Violaceae family, is renowned for its ornamental flower crops. Additionally, <i>Viola</i> species are relatively pest-resistant easy to manage. They widely used in gardens, some their flowers even edible. In this study, our focus was on <i>V. cornuta</i> cv. Penny Red Wing (hereinafter referred as ‘Penny Wing’), an experimental plant chosen high value rapid growth.Methods: We applied purple light-emitting diode (LED) three types white LEDs with varying color temperatures: 3000, 4100, 6500 K, respectively, artificial light sources. Notably, LED has far-red wavelength (700-800 nm) ratio approximately 17.6% spectral power distribution.Results: findings indicated that several parameters exhibited higher values under LED: shoot size parameters, biomass, moisture content shoots roots, photochemical reflectance index (PRI), modified chlorophyll absorption (MCARI), total number flowers, scent score, F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub>, PI<sub>ABS</sub>. However, K led evaluations root length, leaves, Nevertheless, it observed growth hindered, flowering responses were inadequate LED, suggesting unsuitability mass production Wing’. Furthermore, 3000 4100 also deemed unsuitable cultivating Wing’ due lower cultivation efficiency.Conclusion: evaluated having superior growth, flowering, fluorescence indicating had more pronounced effect compared green (500-600 nm). Therefore, we recommend cultivar which include wavelength.